{"id":6352,"date":"2025-12-06T22:16:27","date_gmt":"2025-12-06T22:16:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sandonspaldingstaging.com\/DirtDr\/library\/goat-manure\/"},"modified":"2025-12-06T22:16:27","modified_gmt":"2025-12-06T22:16:27","slug":"goat-manure","status":"publish","type":"library","link":"https:\/\/sandonspaldingstaging.com\/DirtDr\/library\/goat-manure\/","title":{"rendered":"Goat Manure"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Goat Manure<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

GOAT MANURE<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

Extension Goat Handbook – 1992
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

This material was contributed from collections at the National Agricultural <\/span>Library. <\/span>However, users should direct all inquires about the contents to <\/span>authors or originating agencies.<\/span><\/p>\n

R. E. McDowell; <\/span>Cornell<\/span> <\/span>U.<\/span>, <\/span>Ithaca<\/span>, <\/span>NY<\/span>G.
F. W. Haenlein; <\/span>U.<\/span> of <\/span>Delaware<\/span>, <\/span>Newark<\/span>.
<\/span>Management and Housing<\/span><\/p>\n

1 <\/span>For gardening, goat manure can be a real asset. <\/span>In their naturally
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>dry, pelleted state, goat feces are <\/span>easily handled, stored or directly
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>applied on <\/span>vegetables, trees, and flower gardens, as mulch, <\/span>organic
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>matter, fertilizer, or just to increase the <\/span>water holding capacity of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>the soil; and goat feces <\/span>do not normally attract flies or breed
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>maggots. A <\/span>daily raking or sweeping of the goat yard keeps the <\/span>goats
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>clean and free from parasites; and the garden <\/span>will soon show its
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>appreciation.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

2 <\/span>Few research data are available on the value of <\/span>goat feces or
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>manure. Of course, it depends on the <\/span>level of feeding. Thus, high
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>producing, well fed <\/span>dairy goats should produce more and better feces
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>than other goats. In general, 2.0 to 6.00f live <\/span>weight of goat in
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>fresh feces weight can be expected. Depending on feed and water intake,
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>the <\/span>fresh feces voided per day might weigh between <\/span>30, and as much as
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>1000f the daily dry matter <\/span>consumed. Dry matter content of goat feces
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>is be <\/span>tween 50 and 60ormally; the color depends on <\/span>the type of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>feed. Hard feed kernels, like barley and <\/span>corn may appear in goat feces,
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>especially at high <\/span>levels of feeding, but generally they are masticated
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>and ruminated much finer and more completely <\/span>than by calves or cows.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

3 <\/span>Goat feces contain not only feed residues but endogenous substances
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>from the goat’s intestinal <\/span>tract too. Swedish research established that
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>goats excrete daily, regardless of feed type, a minimum <\/span>of 34g protein,
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>8g fat and 13g carbohydrates for <\/span>each kg (2.2 lb) feed dry matter
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>eaten. This would <\/span>mean that a 150 lb goat milking a gallon of milk a
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>day, and been given 7 lbs of feed dry matter daily; <\/span>this goat would
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>lose 7\/2.2 x 34 = 108g protein <\/span>daily in her feces, not even accounting
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>for her milk <\/span>production and her own maintenance needs. This <\/span>108g
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>endogenous protein loss also translates into a <\/span>3.4minimum protein
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>content in the 7 lb daily <\/span>feed dry matter to avoid a negative protein
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>balance <\/span>for this goat. In comparison, a daily goat ration <\/span>with a 14
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>protein content supplies just 445g protein, of which a certain
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>percentage is always undigestible and a loss to the goat too. This
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>percentage increases when the crude fiber content of the <\/span>feed
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>increases.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

4 <\/span>Goat manure i.e. feces plus bedding and wasted <\/span>feed, fresh or
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>usually composted in pens or outside <\/span>piles can average 10 lb per day
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>for the above example goat or more, depending on bedding amount, <\/span>urine
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>drainage or fermentation losses. This can <\/span>amount to around 1-1\/2 ton of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>manure per goat per <\/span>year or more with a possible composition of 31
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>dry matter; 1.3itrogen, 1.50001:0000hosphorus <\/span>(P205), 0.46952:DE9Eotassium
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>and 2.4
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>fertilizer asset per goat of at least 1\/2 ton dry matter <\/span>with 15 lb
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>nitrogen, 17 lb phosphorus, 5 lb <\/span>potassium and 27 lb lime.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

5 <\/span>For large herds or flocks, disposal of goat <\/span>manure could have
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>problems, but in some parts of <\/span>the world animal wastes serve numerous
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>useful <\/span>purposes. In fact, animals are frequently kept <\/span>beyond their
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>period of usefulness for the production of milk or work so that they can
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>provide dung. <\/span>Approximately 40 percent of the farmers of the <\/span>world
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>depend wholly or in part on animal wastes to <\/span>enhance soil fertility.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>Generally, manures do not increase short-term crop yields to the extent
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>of <\/span>equivalent amounts of nutrients supplied in refined chemical form.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>The differences in yields are, however, with long-term usage. Small
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>farmers who <\/span>till land by hand or with chisel type plows prefer <\/span>manures
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>over chemical fertilizer because manure <\/span>enhances the aggregate crumb
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>structure and soil <\/span>permeability which aids in cultivation. Marginal
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>micronutrient deficiencies, which may occur after <\/span>repeated cropping
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>with chemical fertilizers, can be <\/span>prevented with supplementary
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>applications of <\/span>manure.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

6 <\/span>The value of manures for soil fertility can be <\/span>markedly influenced
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>by handling procedures. At <\/span>least 50 percent of the nitrogen and 60 to
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>70 percent of the potassium are found in the urine. Frequently, manure
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>has a low fertility value due to <\/span>failure to incorporate the urine, or
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>the nitrogen is <\/span>lost through leaching. Eighteen to 20 Mcal of <\/span>energy
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>inputs are required to produce one kg of <\/span>nitrogen fertilizer. Fuel
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>costs to produce nitrogen <\/span>have already aroused new interest in research
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>on <\/span>storage and handling of manures. Predictions for <\/span>the future are
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>that animal wastes will again be <\/span>viewed more favorably as a useful
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>resource. Predictions for the future are that animal <\/span>wastes will again
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>be <\/span>viewed more favorably as a useful resource.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

7 <\/span>Fuel
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>The energy in ruminant manures is rather high <\/span>(dry cow dung 4.58 to
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>4.72 kcal per gram) and can <\/span>be used as efficiently as energy from coal
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>or oil if <\/span>appropriate equipment is used. In some cases, dry <\/span>dung cakes
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>are preferred over plant residues <\/span>because of uniformity of heat. <\/span>India<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>annually uses <\/span>60 to 80 million tons of dry buffalo, cattle, sheep <\/span>and
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>goat dung for fuel. In the central plains area <\/span>where there is no
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>firewood, per-capita use is as <\/span>much as one ton per year. In two
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>instances, the sale <\/span>of dung cakes to urban centers provided up to 60
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>percent of the total cash income per rural family. <\/span>The expected return
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>per animal per day from the <\/span>sale of dung cakes is 1.03 rupees or $0.12.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>India<\/span> <\/span>would need to expend over US $3 billion per year, <\/span>exclusive of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>distribution costs, for coal and oil to <\/span>replace dung.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

8 <\/span>Pastoral herders, especially nomads, largely depend on cattle,
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>sheep, or goat manure as fuel for <\/span>cooking, heating and light. Estimates
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>are that over <\/span>200 million tons of manure are used per year as fuel <\/span>in
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>developing countries. Supplies of firewood or <\/span>charcoal – traditionally
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>the chief sources of fuel in <\/span>central <\/span>Africa<\/span> fringing the <\/span>Sahara<\/span>, the
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>Andes<\/span> <\/span>region of <\/span>Latin America<\/span>, the highlands of <\/span>Central <\/span>America<\/span> and
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>the <\/span>Caribbean<\/span> islands – have become <\/span>scarce or non-existent. In many
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>areas nearly 20 <\/span>percent of the total family labor is expended to
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>gather wood or crop residues for fuel, and the time <\/span>spent is
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>increasing. Expenditures by salaried <\/span>workers for firewood or crop
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>residues have risen <\/span>from 15 to 25 percent of income. In <\/span>Africa<\/span> and the
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>Americas<\/span>, animal manures have not been used extensively as fuel, but
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>usage will probably increase <\/span>rapidly in the near future. Over the long
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>run, <\/span>methane gas from animal wastes will likely make <\/span>the greatest
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>contribution.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

9 <\/span>Methane Gas
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>During the 1930’s and 40’s, digesters were used <\/span>rather extensively
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>in central and northern <\/span>Europe<\/span> <\/span>for producing methane gas, but
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>production declined <\/span>to nearly zero when oil became cheap during the
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>1950’s. Currently there is vast interest in digesters <\/span>to meet fuel
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>needs. In 1975, <\/span>South Korea<\/span> had 29,000 <\/span>bio-gas plants and planned to
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>build another <\/span>50,000. <\/span><\/span>India<\/span> has about 20,000 plants, two-thirds of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>which <\/span>were built since the energy crisis, and plans to build <\/span>100,000
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>more within the next 5 years. <\/span>Taiwan<\/span> has a <\/span>large number of plants and
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>there are some in <\/span><\/span>Bangladesh<\/span> and <\/span>Nepal<\/span>.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

10 <\/span>The <\/span>US<\/span> could obtain nearly 1.0 percent of its <\/span>energy by 1985 from
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>renewable resources, and this <\/span>could increase to 25 percent by 2020 AD.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>Of this, <\/span>methane production is capable of producing about <\/span>5 percent by
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>1985 and 25 percent in 2020. <\/span>Canada<\/span> <\/span>has a similar capability.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

11 <\/span>Fecal material produced by ruminants, particularly buffalo, cattle,
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>sheep and goats, is an ideal <\/span>substrate for anaerobic fermentation
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>because it is <\/span>already buffered and contains large populations of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>methanogenic bacteria. Methane from manure has <\/span>a value of 5 kcal per
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>cubic meter which is 71 percent of the energy value of natural gas. It
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>works <\/span>well for household use but is difficult to handle in <\/span>mobile
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>power. Processing manure through bio-gas <\/span>plants has the added
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>advantages of better preservation of fertilizer in some areas where dung
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>is <\/span>burned.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

12 <\/span>A major handicap for methane production is <\/span>capital cost for small
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>units. Several countries have <\/span>extensive research programs underway to
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>reduce <\/span>construction costs. Even so, the use of bio-gas <\/span>plants is not
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>likely to approach anywhere near the <\/span>level projected, unless prices of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>fossil fuels rise to <\/span>extremely high levels. For the <\/span>US<\/span>, it is estimated
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>that manure from 40 cows will be needed to supply <\/span>fuel, including
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>electricity, for an average farm <\/span>family, but will not replace fossil
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>fuel to operate <\/span>tractors, trucks or automobiles. The average <\/span>Indian
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>village could potentially accrue high <\/span>benefits from the use of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>digesters, but acceptance <\/span>will be low because it will deprive
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>individuals of <\/span>one, if not their major, source of income. In spite of
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>limitations, anaerobic fermentation technology <\/span>will undoubtedly play a
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>significant role in waste <\/span>management. For developed countries, units
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>will <\/span>be employed on large farms or in conjunction with <\/span>feedlots where
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>the cost of production will be in line <\/span>with other fuels.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

13 <\/span>Adopted from Winrock Report, September 1977, <\/span>”Ruminant Products,
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>More than Meat and Milk,” <\/span>17-19; Winrock International Livestock
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>Research <\/span>and <\/span>Training<\/span> <\/span>Center<\/span>, <\/span>Morrilton<\/span>, <\/span>Arkansas<\/span>.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

VIDF 67
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
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